During the 2002 Gujarat riots, Modi, then Chief Minister, sparked controversy with statements targeting Muslims, questioning the need for government-run relief camps and making remarks about Muslim fertility.
In subsequent years, Modi continued to face accusations of discrimination, including openly expressing antipathy towards Muslims and accusing them of being infiltrators and vote bank pawns.
Even after assuming office in 2014, Modi's government faced accusations of perpetuating divisive rhetoric, with instances such as equating the building of graveyards with crematoriums and making comments about Ramadan and Diwali.
The decision to field Pragya Singh Thakur, an accused in the Malegaon blasts, as a candidate for the BJP further intensified criticism, with Modi defending the move by accusing her of tarnishing India's ancient culture.
Ahead of elections, Modi has been accused of resorting to identity politics, such as singling out individuals based on their attire during anti-CAA protests and making allegations against opposition parties regarding religious symbols.
Critics argue that Modi's government is leveraging Hindutva ideology to secure electoral victories, raising concerns about the marginalization of minority communities, particularly Muslims, in India's political landscape.
The US State Department unveiled a comprehensive report on April 22, 2024, shedding light on alarming human rights violations in India. Secretary Anthony Blanken presented the findings, drawing attention to a troubling escalation in abuses across the nation.
The report pointedly addressed incidents such as the illegal raid on the BBC office in Manipur and the imprisonment of political figure Rahul Gandhi for a two-year term. These events, among others, underscored the gravity of the situation as outlined by The Print.
Of particular concern was the devastating ethnic conflict between the Kuki and Meitei tribes in Manipur during 2023.
The State Department highlighted the toll this violence exacted, with at least 175 lives lost and over 60,000 individuals displaced between May 3 and November 15.
Tragic accounts of armed clashes, sexual violence, and widespread property destruction painted a grim picture of the region's turmoil.
Criticism was also leveled at the Indian government's handling of the crisis. Both victims of the Manipur riots and various stakeholders deplored what they saw as a failure to quell the chaos and safeguard citizens.
Further scrutiny fell on the Modi administration's treatment of civil society groups, religious minorities, and political opponents. Instances of misinformation campaigns and harassment tactics were cited, casting doubt on the regime's commitment to democratic values.
In addition, the report spotlighted instances of journalist intimidation and curbs on press freedom, particularly in conflict-ridden regions like Jammu and Kashmir. Over 35 journalists were reported to have faced attacks, surveillance, and arbitrary restrictions, signaling a troubling trend.
The raid on the BBC office by the Indian tax authorities raised eyebrows, with allegations of overreach and collateral damage to innocent bystanders.
Reuters revealed that the action followed the release of a critical documentary on Prime Minister Modi, further fueling concerns about government overreach.
India's standing in international rankings also came under scrutiny, with Reporters Without Borders ranking it 161 out of 180 countries in the Press Freedom Index for 2023. This, coupled with damning assessments from human rights organizations, painted a damning picture of the deteriorating environment under Modi's leadership.
Key issues highlighted in the report included the rise of hate speech, the controversial removal of Kashmir's special status, a discriminatory citizenship law, and the targeted demolition of Muslim properties under the guise of urban renewal efforts.
